Akber, A. China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): Prospects and challenges for regional integeration. Arts Soc. Sci. J. 7(1), 1–15 (2015).

Google Scholar 

Hussain, Y. et al. Performance of CMORPH, TMPA, and PERSIANN rainfall datasets over plain, mountainous, and glacial regions of Pakistan. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 131(3), 1119–1132 (2018).

ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

Li, J., Liu, Z., He, C., Yue, H. & Gou, S. Water shortages raised a legitimate concern over the sustainable development of the drylands of northern China: Evidence from the water stress index. Sci. Total Environ. 590–591, 739–750 (2017).

ADS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Bhatti, A. M., Suttinon, P. & Nasu, S. Agriculture water demand management in Pakistan: A review and perspective. Soc. Soc. Manag. Syst. (SSMS) 9, 1–7 (2009).

Google Scholar 

Howells, M. et al. Integrated analysis of climate change, land-use, energy and water strategies. Nat. Clim. Chang. 3(7), 621–626 (2013).

ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

Patil, A. & Tiwari, K. N. Okra crop response under subsurface drip and conventional furrow irrigation with varying N fertilization: Communications in soil. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 49, 2429–2445 (2018).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Azam, A. & Shafique, M. Agriculture in Pakistan and its impact on economy: A review. Int. J. Adv. Sci. Technol. 103, 47–60 (2017).

Article  Google Scholar 

Loucks, D. P. et al. Water Resource Systems Planning and Management: An Introduction to Methods, Models, and Applications (UNESCO, 2005).

Google Scholar 

Elliott, J. et al. Constraints and potentials of future irrigation water availability on agricultural production under climate change. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111(9), 3239–3244 (2014).

ADS  CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Puy, A. et al. The delusive accuracy of global irrigation water withdrawal estimates. Nat. Commun. 13(1), 1–4 (2022).

MathSciNet  Article  Google Scholar 

Hargreaves, G. H. & Samani, Z. A. Reference crop evapotranspiration from temperature. Appl. Eng. Agric. 1, 96–99 (1985).

Article  Google Scholar 

Maeda, E. E., Wiberg, D. A. & Pellikka, P. K. Estimating reference evapotranspiration using remote sensing and empirical models in a region with limited ground data availability in Kenya. Appl. Geogr. 31, 251–258 (2011).

Article  Google Scholar 

Er-Raki, S. et al. Assessment of reference evapotranspiration methods in semi–arid regions: Can weather forecast data be used as alternate of ground meteorological parameters?. J. Arid. Environ. 74, 1587–1596 (2010).

ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

López-Urrea, R., de Santa Olalla, F. M., Fabeiro, C. & Moratalla, A. Testing evapotranspiration equations using lysimeter observations in a semiarid climate. Agric. Water Manag. 85, 15–26 (2006).

Article  Google Scholar 

Wei, B. Applicability evaluation of ET_0 calculation method in Cheerchen River Basin, Xinjiang. Water Sav. Irrig. 11, 36–38 (2016) (in Chinese).

Google Scholar 

Nazeer, M. Comparison of different methods for estimation of potential evapotranspiration. Nucleus 47, 41–46 (2010).

Google Scholar 

Pagano, A., Giordano, R., Portoghese, I., Fratino, U. & Vurro, M. A Bayesian vulnerability assessment tool for drinking water mains under extreme events. Nat. Hazards 74(3), 2193–2227 (2014).

Article  Google Scholar 

Death, R. G., Death, F., Stubbington, R., Joy, M. K. & van den Belt, M. How good are Bayesian belief networks for environmental management? A test with data from an agricultural river catchment. Freshw. Biol. 60, 2297–2309 (2015).

Article  Google Scholar 

Nash, D. & Hannah, M. Using Monte-Carlo simulations and Bayesian Networks to quantify and demonstrate the impact of fertiliser best management practices. Environ. Modell. Softw. 26, 1079–1088 (2011).

Article  Google Scholar 

Fienen, M. N., Masterson, J. P., Plant, N. G., Gutierrez, B. T. & Thieler, E. R. Bridging groundwater models and decision support with a Bayesian network. Water Resour. Res. 49, 6459–6473 (2013).

ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

Giordano, R., D’Agostino, D., Apollonio, C., Lamaddalena, N. & Vurro, M. Bayesian belief network to support conflict analysis for groundwater protection: The case of the Apulia region. J. Environ. Manage. 115, 136–146 (2013).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Mamitimin, Y., Feike, T. & Doluschitz, R. Bayesian network modeling to improve water pricing practices in northwest China. Water 7, 5617–5637 (2015).

Article  Google Scholar 

Quinn, J. M., Monaghan, R. M., Bidwell, V. J. & Harris, S. R. A Bayesian Belief Network approach to evaluating complex effects of irrigation-driven agricultural intensification scenarios on future aquatic environmental and economic values in a New Zealand catchment. Mar. Freshw. Res. 64, 460–474 (2013).

Article  Google Scholar 

Wang, M., Yang, Q., Zheng, J. H. & Liu, Z. H. Spatial and temporal distribution of water requirement of cotton in Xinjiang from 1963 to 2012. Acta Ecol. Sin. 36, 4122–4130 (2016) (in Chinese).

Google Scholar 

Naheed, G. & Rasul, G. Recent water requirement of cotton crop in Pakistan. Pak. J. Meteorol. 6, 75–84 (2010).

Google Scholar 

Peña-Arancibia, J. L., Stewart, J. P. & Kirby, J. M. Water balance trends in irrigated canal commands and its implications for sustainable water management in Pakistan: Evidence from 1981 to 2012. Agric. Water Manag. 245, 106648 (2021).

Article  Google Scholar 

Zaidi, A. Z., Khan, N. A., Lashari, B. K., Laghari, F. A. & Panhwar, V. Agricultural water balance study in Sindh (Pakistan) 2 using satellite-derived actual evapotranspiration 3. Remote Sens. 30, 31 (2020).

Google Scholar 

Ahmad, M. & Farooq, U. The state of food security in Pakistan: Future challenges and coping strategies. Pak. Dev. Rev. 49, 903–923 (2010).

Article  Google Scholar 

Abid, M., Schneider, U. A. & Scheffran, J. Adaptation to climate change and its impacts on food productivity and crop income: Perspectives of farmers in rural Pakistan. J. Rural Stud. 47, 254–266 (2016).

Article  Google Scholar 

Khan, A. N. Analysis of 2010-flood causes, nature and magnitude in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Nat. Hazards 66, 887–904 (2013).

Article  Google Scholar 

Butt, A., Shabbir, R., Ahmad, S. S. & Aziz, N. Land use change mapping and analysis using Remote Sensing and GIS: A case study of Simly watershed, Islamabad, Pakistan. Egypt J. Remote Sens. Space Sci. 18, 251–259 (2015).

Google Scholar 

Mahmood, N. et al. Wheat yield response to input and socioeconomic factors under changing climate: Evidence from rainfed environments of Pakistan. Sci. Total Environ. 688, 1275–1285 (2019).

ADS  CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Shen, Y., Li, S., Chen, Y., Qi, Y. & Zhang, S. Estimation of regional irrigation water requirement and water supply risk in the arid region of Northwestern China 1989–2010. Agric. Water Manag. 128, 55–64 (2013).

Article  Google Scholar 

Bashir, M. K., Schilizzi, S. & Pandit, R. Regional sensitivity of rural household food security: The case of Punjab, Pakistan. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 23(4), 1200–1206 (2013).

Google Scholar 

Yang, Z., Tang, J. & Yu, X. Xinjiang cotton industry present and countermeasures research. Res. Agric. Mod. 196, 298–302 (2013) (in Chinese).

Google Scholar 

Zhang, Q., Sun, P., Singh, V. P. & Chen, X. Spatial-temporal precipitation changes (1956–2000) and their implications for agriculture in China. Glob. Planet. Change 82, 86–95 (2012).

ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

Cong, Z. T., Yao, B. Z. & Ni, G. H. Crop water demand in China under the SRA1B emissions scenario. Adv. Water Sci. 22, 38–43 (2011).

Google Scholar 

Iqbal, M. F. & Athar, H. Validation of satellite based precipitation over diverse topography of Pakistan. Atmos. Res. 201, 247–260 (2018).

Article  Google Scholar 

Ullah, S., You, Q., Ullah, W. & Ali, A. Observed changes in precipitation in China-Pakistan economic corridor during 1980–2016. Atmos. Res. 210, 1–14 (2018).

Article  Google Scholar 

Asmat, U. & Athar, H. Run-based multi-model interannual variability assessment of precipitation and temperature over Pakistan using two IPCC AR4–based AOGCMs. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 127, 1–16 (2017).

ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

Deryng, D. et al. Rosenzweig Regional disparities in the beneficial effects of rising CO2 concentrations on crop water productivity. Nat. Clim. Chang. 6, 786–790 (2016).

ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

Winter, J. M. et al. Representing water scarcity in future agricultural assessments. Anthropocene 18, 15–26 (2017).

Article  Google Scholar 

Zeng, R. et al. Assessing the effects of precipitation and irrigation on winter wheat yield and water productivity in North China Plain. Agric. Water Manag. 256, 107063 (2021).

Article  Google Scholar 

Fader, M., Shi, S., Bloh, W. V., Bondeau, A. & Cramer, W. Mediterranean irrigation under climate change: More efficient irrigation needed to compensate for increases in irrigation water requirements. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 20(2), 953–973 (2016).

ADS  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Baloch, S.M. Water Crisis: Why is Pakistan Running Dry. https://www.dw.com/en/water-crisis-why-is-pakistan-running-dry/a-44110280 (2018).

Ranjan, A. Inter-Provincial water sharing conflicts in Pakistan. Pak. A J. Pak. Stud. 4, 102–122 (2012).

Google Scholar 

Haider, S. & Ullah, K. Projected crop water requirement over agro-climatically diversified region of Pakistan. Agric. For. Meteorol. 281, 107824 (2020).

ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

Rehman, A., Chandio, A. A., Hussain, I. & Luan, J. Fertilizer consumption, water availability and credit distribution: Major factors affecting agricultural productivity in Pakistan. J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci. 18(3), 269–274 (2019).

Google Scholar 

Koondhar, M. A. et al. Asymmetric causality among carbon emission from agriculture, energy consumption, fertilizer, and cereal food production: A nonlinear analysis for Pakistan. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. 45, 101099 (2021).

Google Scholar 

Rehman, A. et al. Another outlook to sector-level energy consumption in Pakistan from dominant energy sources and correlation with economic growth. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 28, 33735–33750 (2020).

Article  Google Scholar 

Shah, M., Ara, J., Muhammad, S., Khan, S. & Tariq, S. Health risk assessment via surface water and sub-surface water consumption in the mafic and ultramafic terrain, Mohmand agency, northern Pakistan. J. Geochem. Explor. 118, 60–67 (2012).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Qureshi, A. S., McCornick, P. G., Qadir, M. & Aslam, Z. Managing salinity and waterlogging in the Indus Basin of Pakistan. Agric. Water Manag. 95, 1–10 (2008).

Article  Google Scholar 

Zulfiqar, F. & Thapa, G. B. Agricultural sustainability assessment at provincial level in Pakistan. Land Use Pol. 68, 492–502 (2017).

Article  Google Scholar 

Li, Z., Fang, G., Chen, Y., Duan, W. & Mukanov, Y. Agricultural water demands in Central Asia under 1.5° C and 2.0° C global warming. Agric. Water Manag. 231, 106020 (2020).

Article  Google Scholar 

Qureshi, M. E., Whitten, S. M., Mainuddin, M., Marvanek, S. & Elmahdi, A. A bio-physical and economic model of agriculture and water in the Murray-Darling Basin. Autralia. Environ. Model. Softw. 41, 98–106 (2013).

Article  Google Scholar 

Rasul, G. & Mahmood, A. Performance evaluation of different methods for estimation of evapotranspiration in Pakistan’s climate. Pak. J. Meteorol. 5, 25–36 (2009).

Google Scholar 

Shi, H. et al. Coupling the water-energy-food-ecology nexus into a Bayesian network for water resources analysis and management in the Syr Darya River basin. J. Hydrol. 581, 124387 (2020).

Article  Google Scholar 

Chen, J., Tao, H. & Liu, J. A daily meteorological dataset of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor from 1961 to 2015. Sci. Data Bank 6, 229–238 (2021) (in Chinese).

Google Scholar 

Imran, A. & Saleh, S. Crop Development in Central Punjab, Faisalabad (2017–2018) (Ayub Agriculture Research Institute, 2008).

Google Scholar 

Kahlown, M. & Ashraf, M. Effect of shallow groundwater table on crop water requirements and crop yields. Agric. Water Manag. 76, 24–35 (2005).

Article  Google Scholar 

Tariq, M. & Iqbal, H. Maize in Pakistan: An overview. Agric. Nat. Resour. 44, 757–763 (2010).

Google Scholar 

Rost, S. et al. Agricultural green and blue water consumption and its influence on the global water system. Water Resour. Res. 44, W09405 (2008).

ADS  Article  Google Scholar 

Li, Y. et al. Estimation of regional irrigation water requirements and water balance in Xinjiang, China during 1995–2017. PeerJ 8, e8243 (2020).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Marcot, B. G. Metrics for evaluating performance and uncertainty of Bayesian network models. Ecol. Modell. 230, 50–62 (2012).

Article  Google Scholar 

Pollino, C. A., Woodberry, O., Nicholson, A., Korb, K. & Hart, B. T. Parameterisation and evaluation of a Bayesian network for use in an ecological risk assessment. Environ. Modell. Softw. 22, 1140–1152 (2007).

Article  Google Scholar 

Barton, D., Saloranta, T., Moe, S., Eggestad, H. & Kuikka, S. Bayesian belief networks as a meta-modelling tool in integrated river basin management: Pros and cons in evaluating nutrient abatement decisions under uncertainty in a Norwegian river basin. Ecol. Econ. 66, 91–104 (2008).

Article  Google Scholar 

Uusitalo, L. Advantages and challenges of Bayesian networks in environmental modelling. Ecol. Modell. 203, 312–318 (2007).

Article  Google Scholar