increases the intracellular ceramide level stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes maintains thehomeostasis of the epidermis antioxidant capacity [134,136,137]
* N
Ahnfeltia concinna (red algae)
polysaccharides (carrageenan, agar), amino acids, minerals, vitamins, trace elements [138,139,140]
hyperpigmentation amelioration increases skin firmness and elasticity stimulates collagen and keratin synthesis, reducing the progerin production (increased in aged skin) of ‘aged’ fibroblasts skin-whitening, antioxidant capacity [142,143,146,147] anti-cellulite and antiedema activity [142,148,149,150]
possible local irritation, sensitization, or photoreactions [142]
antimicrobial activity [155,156] antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyrotic [156,157,158] improves skin moisture and water retention in the SC [153,156,157,159,160]
stimulates skin regeneration, strengthens the immune system of the skin, sustains epidermal cell proliferation, anti-ageing (inhibiting the cells senescence, stimulating the collagen expression) and photo-protection effect [173]
antioxidant capacity, anti-ageing, photo-protection, skin pigmentation modulating effect, anti-allergic effect (inhibiting the production of IgE and lymphocytes) [174]
anti-inflammatory effect, antioxidant capacity [188] repairs the SC, wound healing, anti-ageing activity skin smoothing and softening, also being used in the treatment of eczema [176,188,189]
antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory, anti-ageing effect stimulates the fibroblast proliferation, increasing the collagen synthesis increases the SC hydration and the epidermal barrier function anti-cellulite effect [191,192]
local allergic reactions, burning, eczemas, vesicles, pruritus [192]
antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and anti-verrucous effect, used in acne treatment, wound healing properties, used as fragrance [158,197,198,199]
possible irritation, skin sensitization, hyperpigmentation, redness, oedema, photo-toxicity [197,198,199,200]
used in the treatment of periorbital edema, soothing emollient, anti-wrinkle, anti-ageing, anti-itching effects depigmentant and antioxidant capacity, anti-hyaluronidase and anti-elastase actions [201]
erythema after semi occlusive patch testing and conjunctival hyperemia/ocular irritation after a using of an eye lotion containing 1% C. sativus (cucumber) fruit extract [202]
antioxidant capacity, anti-warts and anti-verrucous activity used in the treatment of dry skin, eczema, acne anti-inflammatory, anti-ageing, anti-wrinkle and skin protection effects [158,218,219,220]
anti-inflammatory effect, antioxidant capacity, photo-protection effect reduces erythema and hyperpigmentation improves epidermal hydration and transepidermal water loss antibacterial and antifungal effect anti-dandruff effect [221,222,223,224]
anti-inflammatory effect, antioxidant capacity skin lightening and depigmentant protective effect against photo-ageing stimulates collagen and elastin synthesis, increasing the hyaluronic acid levels in aged skin skin regeneration effect, providing nutrients for cell renewal [225,226,227,228,229,230,231]
none allergic reactions to human skin toxicity evaluation [226,232] itching eczema after several months of exposure to a soy-based ingredients in cosmetic lotions [233]
Hedera helix
saponins (hederin, hederagenin, hederacosides, hederacolchisides etc.), flavonoids, anthocyanins, coumarins and phenolic acids, steroids, vitamins, volatile and fixed oils [234]
antiseptic, anti-elastase and anti-hyaluronidase effect indicated in cellulitis, cicatrisation, and wound healing [158,234,235]
anti-pruritus, anti-psoriatic and antiseptic effect emollient, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial capacity wound healing (stimulates the formation of free granulation tissue and reepithelization) [158,249,250,251,252,253,255]
low toxicity of Malva sylvestris hydro-alcoholic extract on topical application [256]
stimulates the autophagy (reduces the accumulation of advanced glycation end products which determine inflammatory response, destroys the protein structureand colors the skin in yellow or brown) antioxidant and photo-protection capacity reduces the hyperpigmentation [258,260]
no irritation after an 48 h occlusive patch testin of a cosmetic product incorporating 2.5% Rubus chamaemorus Seed Oil (25 μL testing product quantity) [302]
antioxidant capacity, photoprotective and anti-inflammatory effect (anti-psoriatic, anti-erythematous), astringent properties, wound healing, restores and protects the skin barrier function [330,331,332,333,334,335]