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For several years, the Economist famously used the phrase “Battling Begums” to describe Bangladesh’s two successive female prime ministers because, evidently, they cannot stand each other. In addition to conveying the jealousy and rivalry between the two matriarchs, the expression “Battling Begums” also shows the disastrous effect of their mutual contempt on the political economy of Bangladesh. Khaleda and Hasina have been in power since 1991 in quasi-democratic regimes. In this chapter, I elaborate on the accomplishments and failures of the Begums. In some sense, Bangladeshi culture legitimizes dynastic democracy. When it comes to power, privileges and legacies, Mujib and Zia “dynasties” are very different from those Nehru, Bandaranaike or Bhutto left behind. In the absence of a new generation of leaders who are free of the hangover of autocracy and “dynastic” oligarchy, Mujib and Zia dynasties’ legacies will endure indefinitely. In accordance with the dog-eat-dog mentality, Bangladesh has virtually become a perpetual battlefield of the Begums. Khaleda and Hasina both lack administrative experience and skills. Neither of them is highly educated and a good administrator. It was by default that they became leaders. Khaleda succeeded her late husband, President Ziaur Rahman, while Hasina succeeded her late father, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first Prime Minister. They both have their shenanigans, idiosyncrasies and inadequacies. After removing Zia’s name from Dhaka’s International Airport, Hasina has been trying to erase Zia’s memory throughout the country. For example, she has tried to remove Zia’s grave from its current location in Dhaka city by blatantly fabricating that Zia is not buried there, but someone else is (“BNP knows Zia’s body not at Chandrima Udyan: PM”, New Age, Aug 26, 2021.). These efforts are intended to save the Mujib dynasty from extinction or oblivion. By issuing a postage stamp in the names of her son and deceased brother in mid-2021 (with exchequer money), seemingly Hasina is trying to perpetuate her “dynastic rule.” Any semblance of democracy or accountability that existed under Khaleda’s two terms has almost vanished under Hasina. She has been running a one-party dictatorship since 2014, which is notorious for being corrupt and intolerant of opposition. Various reports by the Amnesty International, Journalists Without Border, US Human Rights Watch and other human rights agencies during the past few years have projected the Hasina regime as autocratic, corrupt and tyrannical. The Human Rights Watch report in August 2021 reveals that around 600 people from Bangladesh have been forced to disappear by law enforcement officials since 2009. In comparison to Hasina’s misrule and tyranny, even Ershad’s corrupt civil-military oligarchy seems much more benign, civil and efficient. The recovery from this mess is not likely to be fast and complete.

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